The Andes rose gradually, not abruptly

Washington, April 2 (ANI): The Andes are the world's longest continental mountain range, with an average elevation of 13,000 feet. But the question of how quickly the mountains attained such heights has been a controversial one in geological circles. Now, a new research has found the answer.

Some researchers claim the Andes rose abruptly to nearly their current height. But the new study by U-M paleoclimatologist Christopher Poulsen and colleagues suggests that the quick-rise view is based on misinterpreted evidence.

They researchers say that what some geologists interpret as signs of an abrupt rise are actually indications of ancient climate change.

Poulsen said that the confusion results when ratios of oxygen's two main isotopes, oxygen-18 and oxygen-16, are used to estimate past elevation.

"In the modern climate, there is a well-known inverse relationship between oxygen isotopic values in rain and elevation. As a rain cloud ascends a mountain range, it begins to precipitate. Because oxygen-18 is more massive than oxygen-16, it is preferentially rained out. Thus, as you go up the mountain, the precipitation becomes more and more depleted in oxygen-18, and the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 decreases," Poulsen said.

Geologists use the ratio of these isotopes, preserved in rock, to infer past elevations.

"If the ratio decreases with time, as the samples get younger, the interpretation would typically be that there has been an increase in elevation at that location," Poulsen said.

In fact, that's exactly the conclusion of a series of papers on the uplift history of the Andes published over the past four years. Using oxygen isotopes in carbonate rocks, the authors posited that the central Andes rose about 8,200 to 11,500 feet in three million years, rather than gaining height over tens of millions of years, as other geologists believe.

But elevation isn't the only factor that affects oxygen isotope ratios in rain, Poulsen said.

"It can also be affected by where the vapour came from and how much it rained - more intense rainfall also causes oxygen-18 to be preferentially rained out," Poulsen said.

Skeptical of the rapid-rise scenario, he and his colleagues performed climate modeling experiments to address the issue.

"The key result in our modeling study is that we identified an elevation threshold for rainfall. Once the Andes reached an elevation greater than 70 percent of the current elevation, the precipitation rate abruptly increased. In our model, the increased precipitation also caused the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 to significantly decrease," Poulsen said.

"Our conclusion, then, is that geologists have misinterpreted the isotopic records in the central Andes. The decrease in the ratio is not recording an abrupt increase in elevation; it is recording an abrupt increase in rainfall," Poulsen added.

The findings are published online April 1 in Science Express. (ANI)