Warming climate could make diatoms capture less greenhouse gases

Washington, March 18 (ANI): A new research by Michigan State University (MSU) scientists has indicated that tiny creatures at the bottom of the food chain called diatoms could become less able to "sequester" greenhouse gas as the climate warms.

Diatoms, microscopic algae that are a major component of plankton living in puddles, lakes and oceans, suck up nearly a quarter of the atmosphere's carbon dioxide (CO2).

For the research, Zoology professor Elena Litchman, with MSU colleague Christopher Klausmeier and Kohei Yoshiyama of the University of Tokyo, explored how nutrient limitation affects the evolution of the size of diatoms in different environments.

"They are globally important since they 'fix' a significant amount of carbon," Litchman explained of the single-cell diatoms.

"When they die in the ocean, they sink to the bottom carrying the carbon from the atmosphere with them. They perform a tremendous service to the environment," she added.Litchman analyzed data from lakes and oceans across the United States, Europe and Asia and found a striking difference between the size of diatoms in freshwater and in marine environments.

In oceans, diatoms grow to be 10 times larger on average than in freshwater and have a wider range of sizes.

"One factor that affects growth is nutrient availability," Litchman said.

The research shows that limitations by nitrogen and phosphorus exert different selective pressures on cell size. The availability of these nutrients depends on the mixing of water from greater depths.

Using a mathematical model, Litchman and her colleagues found that when those nutrients are constantly limited and mixing is shallow, smaller diatoms thrive. But, when nitrate comes and goes, as often happens in roiling oceans, diatoms evolve larger to store nutrients for lean times. Deep mixing also benefits large diatoms.

Depending on how intermittent the nitrate supply is and how deep the ocean mixes, there can be a wide range of diatom sizes.

Size matters for the creatures that eat them and also for carbon sequestration, as large diatoms are more likely to sink when they die."Changing climate could alter the mixing depths and delivery of nutrients to diatoms and their subsequent sizes with a cascade of consequences," Litchman said.According to Litchman, "On a global scale, increased ocean temperatures could make the ocean more stratified. This would cause less mixing and create stronger nutrient limitation and less frequent nutrient pulses."

"A change like this would select for different sizes of diatoms. If smaller sized diatoms dominate, then carbon sequestration becomes less efficient and there may be more CO2 remaining in the atmosphere, which would exacerbate global warming," she explained. (ANI)