‘Unlawful Use’: Human Rights Organisation Raises Alarm Over White Phosphorus in Lebanon Conflict

The war in West Asia is intensifying, and Human Rights Watch says civilians in southern Lebanon are at new risk. The group reports that the Israeli military unlawfully used artillery-fired white phosphorus over homes in Yohmor on March 3, 2026, dispersing burning material above a populated residential neighbourhood.

Investigators from Human Rights Watch verified and geolocated seven images that show airburst white phosphorus munitions over Yohmor. The images, taken above a residential section of the town, also show civil defence teams tackling fires in at least two houses and a car set alight in the same area.

What is white phosphorus in southern Lebanon

White phosphorus is a chemical substance found in certain artillery shells, bombs, and rockets, which ignites when exposed to oxygen. Once burning, it can spark intense fires in homes, fields, and other civilian buildings. Under international humanitarian law, using airburst white phosphorus over populated areas is considered indiscriminate and unlawful.

Legal and humanitarian concerns over white phosphorus in southern Lebanon

Rules of war require armed forces to take all practical steps to reduce harm to civilians. Human Rights Watch says airburst white phosphorus in a town like Yohmor fails this test because the burning fragments spread widely and cannot be directed only at military targets, placing residents and property at direct risk.

Human Rights Watch findings on white phosphorus in southern Lebanon

Ramzi Kaiss, Lebanon researcher at Human Rights Watch said, "The Israeli military's unlawful use of white phosphorus over residential areas is extremely alarming and will have dire consequences for civilians." He further elaborated, "The incendiary effects of white phosphorous can cause death or cruel injuries that result in lifelong suffering." Human Rights Watch says these events highlight growing dangers for communities in southern Lebanon.