Snow Persistence in Hindu Kush Declines to Record Low, Endangering Water Security in South Asia

The Hindu Kush Himalaya region has seen a significant decline in snow persistence, with levels 23.6% below normal this year. This is the lowest in 23 years, according to a report by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). The report highlights that this is the third consecutive year of below-average snow levels.

ICIMOD's Director General, Pema Gyamtsho, stated, "Carbon emissions have already locked in an irreversible course of recurrent snow anomalies in the HKH." He emphasised the need for science-based policies and regional cooperation to manage water resources and reduce emissions. The rapid melting or absence of expected snowfall is alarming, as it serves as a vital water source during dry periods.

Impact on Major River Basins

All 12 major river basins in the region, including those in India, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Southeast Asia, reported below-normal snow levels. The Mekong and Salween basins were particularly affected, with snow persistence 51.9% and 48.3% below normal, respectively. This decline could severely impact water supply for nearly two billion people.

Sher Muhammad, a remote sensing specialist at ICIMOD, noted the concerning trend of continuous snow deficits. "We are observing such deficit situations occurring in continuous succession. This is an alarming trend," he said. He stressed the importance of tailored actions based on specific river basin conditions.

Challenges for India

In India, the Ganges and Brahmaputra river systems experienced significant snow deficits. The Ganges basin recorded its lowest snow persistence in over two decades at 24.1% below normal. This reduction means less snowmelt will be available in early summer when water demand peaks for agriculture and drinking purposes.

The Brahmaputra basin saw a 27.9% drop below normal levels, potentially affecting hydropower generation and agriculture. The Indus basin also reported a continued decline in snow cover, with persistence 16% below normal despite a slight improvement from the previous year.

Urgent Need for Action

ICIMOD experts warned that if these trends persist, the region could face more frequent water shortages. This would increase reliance on groundwater and heighten drought risks. They urged governments and water agencies to act swiftly by preparing water-saving plans and improving drought response strategies.

On average, snowmelt contributes about 23% to annual water flow in major river basins. However, this year's record low snow persistence threatens this crucial resource. Experts recommend using scientific data to manage resources effectively and mitigate potential crises.

The report underscores the urgent need for regional cooperation and forward-thinking policies to address these challenges. Without immediate action, millions could face severe water shortages and related hardships.