Dirty stars make good solar system hosts

Washington, October 8 (ANI): Using new computer simulations, scientists have suggested that dirty stars that are full of dust and gas make good solar system hosts.

When a star forms, collapsing from a dense cloud into a luminous ball, it and the disk of dust and gas orbiting it reflect the composition of that original cloud and the elements within it.

While some clouds are poor in heavier elements, many have a wealth of these elements. These are the dirty stars that are good solar system hosts.

"When you observe stars, the ones with more heavy elements have more planets," said co-author Mordecai-Mark Mac Low, Curator of Astrophysics at the American Museum of Natural History.

Observation of distant solar systems shows that exoplanets, or planets that orbit stars other than the Sun, are much more abundant around stars that have a greater abundance of elements heavier than helium, like iron and oxygen.

These elements are the ones that can turn into rocks or ice.

The new simulations by Mac Low and his colleagues Anders Johansen (Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands) and Andrew Youdin (Canadian Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Toronto) compute just how planets and other bodies form as pebbles clump into mini-planets referred to as planetesimals.

Their current work hinges on their previously published research that explains why rocks orbiting a star within the more slowly-revolving gas disk are not quickly dragged into the star itself because of the headwinds they feel.

The rocks draft behind each other, so that in orbits with more rocks, they feel less drag and drift towards the star more slowly.

Rocks orbiting further out drift into those orbits, until there are so many that gravity can form them into mini-planets.

"It's a run-away process. When a small group of rocks distorts the flow of gas, many others rush to line up like lazy cyclists and matter accumulates very quickly," said co-author Youdin.

The team was able to build this mechanism - drag leading to clumping - into a three-dimensional simulation of gas and solid rocks orbiting a star.

Their results show that when pebbles, made of heavy elements, constitute less than one percent of the gas mass, clumping is weak.

But if the fraction of pebbles is increased slightly, the clumping increases dramatically and quickly results in the accretion of sufficient material to make larger-scale planetesimals.

These mini-planets work as planetary building blocks, merging over millions of years to form planets.

In short, clumping of pebbles, when the fraction of solids in the gas is high enough, is the recipe for mini-planet formation, a crucial intermediate step in forming planets. (ANI)