Materials with pentagonal surfaces can be used to create rain

Washington, March 9 (ANI): An international team of scientists has discovered a novel one dimensional ice chain structure built from pentagons that may prove to be a step toward the development of new materials which can be used to seed clouds and cause rain.

"For the first time, we have shown that ice can build an extended one dimensional chain structure entirely from pentagons and not hexagons," said Dr Angelos Michaelides from the Fritz Haber Institute in Berlin.

"This discovery leads to fundamental new understanding about the nature of hydrogen bonding at interfaces and suggests that when people are searching for new ice nucleating agents which can be used to seed clouds and cause rain, they do not necessarily need to focus on materials that have hexagonal surfaces - other types of surfaces may be good too," he added.

Ice structures are usually built out of simple hexagonal arrangements of water molecules and this hexagonal building block motif is easily observed in the structures of snowflakes.

However, during their studies Dr Michaelides and co-workers from the Fritz Haber Institute, Berlin, and the University of Liverpool have discovered a natural nanoscale ice structure formed of pentagons.

"It is important to understand the structure of ice on the nanoscale, and in particular up against solid surfaces because this is how ice crystals form," explained the paper's first author Dr Javier Carrasco.

"We need to understand the structure of ice crystals in the upper atmosphere because they play an important role in the formation of clouds and precipitation," he added.

The formation of nanoscale ice crystals plays a key role in fields as diverse as atmospheric chemistry and biology.

Ice nucleation on metal surfaces affords an opportunity to watch this process unfold at the molecular-scale on a well defined, plane interface.

A common feature of structural models for such films of ice is that they are built from hexagonal arrangements of molecules.

In order to address the challenge of characterizing ice on the nanoscale, the team from the LCN (London Centre for Nanotechnology) joined up with a team of experimentalists from the University of Liverpool to examine ice formation on a very well defined, atomically flat copper surface.

The Liverpool group performed scanning tunneling microscopy experiments and the LCN and Berlin teams carried out ab initio calculations to predict what the microscopy results would be.

Only through the combination of these two state-of-the-art approaches were they able to definitively show that the ice structures that form are made from pentagons. (ANI)