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The crowding effect is anything but random, say experts

By Super Admin
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Google Oneindia News

Washington, March 5 (ANI): A new study suggests that crowding effect in vision is not as random as it has been thought to be - the phenomenon makes the world appear more regular by essentially 'blending' nearby objects together.

When a person is reading, the word directly in front is usually clear, but all the surrounding words are less clear. For most people, this crowding effect is not a problem. However, tens of thousands of people who have lost their central vision through eye disease such as macular degeneration, it can make reading or even recognising friends a challenging task.

Although crowding affects more than 95percent of the visual field, very little is known about how it occurs, aside from the fact that it happens not in the eye, but in parts of the brain that deal with seeing. With far fewer neurons processing inputs from the peripheral visual field in these regions compared to our central vision, the brain simplifies these areas to represent more efficiently what is in front of us.

Scientists had earlier believed that crowding makes us worse at recognising things by making our peripheral vision more random. But now Wellcome Trust-funded researchers at UCL (University College London) and Harvard Medical School say this process is anything but random.

The scientists asked volunteers to look out of the corner of their eye at a small patch of random visual noise (similar to the 'snow' seen when a TV loses its signal). When the patch of noise was surrounded by striped patches, all oriented in a particular direction, the volunteers reported the 'noise' to be similarly oriented.

The researchers have used a real-world example to demonstrate the effect. Taking a photograph depicting a dramatic coastal village in Cinque Terre, Italy, the researchers 'scrambled' a large number of patches throughout the image by swapping individual pixels within each region. However, when one's eyes are fixed on the centre of the corrupted image (for instance, on the centrally-located brown house), these 'noise' patches disappear and the image appears relatively undamaged. This image was recently named runner-up in the UCL 'Research Images as Art' competition.

"We believe that this tendency of our brains to assume that the world is regular may have evolved because fewer cells in the brain are devoted to the edges of our vision compared to the centre," explains Dr John Greenwood from the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology. "In other words, the brain is not capable of delivering anything more than a simplified sketch using these resources."

The researchers believe that understanding crowding promises to reveal much about how the visual brain works, and will also reveal the best way to present television images, text and the internet for people with damage to their central vision, for example through eye diseases such as macular degeneration and amblyopia ('lazy eye').

With amblyopia, for example, it has been suggested that crowding in the 'lazy' eye may occur in central vision in addition to the normal crowding in the peripheral visual field. Similarly, in macular degeneration patients lose their central vision and must rely on their peripheral visual field.

"If we understand when crowding does and does not occur, then we could potentially create text and images that are less likely to cause crowding," says Dr Greenwood. "Similarly, if we can understand how things look when they are crowded, we could potentially generate text and images that could be recognised even when crowding has had an effect."

The findings of the study have appeared in Current Biology. (ANI)

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