Northern lights shine with unexpected polarization

Washington, April 25 : An international team of scientists has detected that some of the glow of Earth's aurora, which is more popularly known as 'Northern Lights', is polarized, an unexpected state for such emissions.

When a beam of light is polarized, its electromagnetic waves share a common orientation, say, aligned vertically, or at some other angle.

Until now, scientists thought that light from energized atoms and molecules in planetary upper atmospheres could not be polarized.

The reason for this is that in spite of the low number of particles at the altitudes concerned, there are still numerous collisions between molecules and gas atoms, which depolarize the emitted light.

Fifty years ago, an Australian researcher, Robert Duncan, claimed to observe what looked like polarization of auroral light, but other scientists found that single observation unconvincing.

To revisit the question, Jean Lilensten of the Laboratory of Planetology of Grenoble, France, and his colleagues studied auroral light with a custom-made telescope during the winters of 2006-2007 and 2007-2008.

They made their observations from Svalbard Island, Norway, which is in the polar region, at a latitude of 79 degrees north.

At the north and south magnetic poles, many charged particles in the solar wind-a flow of electrically charged matter from the Sun - are captured by the planet's field and forced to plunge into the atmosphere.

The particles strike atmospheric gases, causing light emissions.

Lilensten and his colleagues observed weak polarization of a red glow that radiates at an altitude of 220 kilometers (140 miles). The glow results from electrons hitting oxygen atoms.

The scientists had suspected that such light might be polarized because Earth's magnetic field at high latitudes funnels the electrons, aligning the angles at which they penetrate the atmosphere.

"The finding of auroral polarization opens a new field in planetology," said Lilensten, who is the lead author of the study.

Fluctuations in the polarization measurements can reveal the energy of the particles coming from the Sun when they enter Earth's atmosphere, according to Lilensten. The intensity of the polarization gives clues to the composition of the upper atmosphere, particularly with regard to atomic oxygen.

Because polarization is strongest when the telescope points perpendicularly to the magnetic field lines, the measurements also provide a way to determine magnetic field configurations.

That could prove especially useful as astronomers train their telescopes on other planetary atmospheres.

If polarized emissions are observed there as well, the measurements may enable scientists to understand how the Sun's magnetic field is distorted by obstacles such as the planets Venus and Mars, which lack intrinsic magnetic fields.

ANI